Industrial revolution management theory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1839 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The crucial importance event that formed the world into the shape we now see around us was the industrial revolution which began in the late eighteenth century. Before it, most societies were based on small-scale, agricultural production, with the vast majority of the population, living in the countryside. After the industrial revolution, the reverse became the case. In the industrialised countries, most people living in urban centres. The great importance   development of the industrial revolution   was the creation of factories. During the early part of industrial revolution, most of production was carried out by occupation based on family units. As demand increased, some men and women became specialist in a certain job. In that time, It was the owner who began the move towards the factory system. The management based on two basic propositions: 1-  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Labour is unreliable, lazy and will only work when tightly controlled and c losely supervised. 2-  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The main controllable business cost is labour, therefore the key to increased profits is to make it cheaper and increase its productivity by getting employers work harder or for longer hours for the same or less money. Fredrick Winslow Taylor made a major contribution to the development of managerial theory and practice in the twentieth (lock, 1982: rose, 1988) Taylor believed passionately in the need to reform managerial authority: to base it on competence rather than the power to hire and fire. Taylors approach required a radical change in managerial behaviour. The objective of his system was to improve the productivity and efficiency by management. According to Feyol (1949), it is the prime responsibility of manager to achieve the organisations aim, he prescribed the main duties of managers as follows: 1. Planning : examining the future, deciding what needs to be done and developing plan of action. 2. Organising : bringing together the resources, human and material, and developing the structure to carry out the activities of the organisation. 3. Command: ensuring that the employees perform their jobe well and in the best interests of the organisation. 4 .Coordination: Verifying that the activities of the organisation work harmoniously together to achieve its goals. 5. Control: establishing that plans, instruction and commands are correctly carried out. Mc Greoger(1906-1964) In his book the human side of enterprise argued that decisions taken by managers on the best way to manage people were based on their assumptions about human nature. He maintained that there are basically two views of human nature, a negative view (theory X) and a positive view (theory Y ). The managers who adhere to theory X will use a combination of methods to control there subordinates. Those managers who adhere to theory Y will adopt a more open and   flexible style to management. Nothing is inevitable until is actually happens and even it may be reserved. In this days organisations dominate our lives, where they appear to be more powerful than ever before, The role and performance of managers will be crucial. manager will need to recognise that in the future, as in the past ,regardless of the particular issues involved, the environment in which their organisation operate will continue to change. managers will have to recognise that the appropriateness   of their decision will be judged by a wider set of criteria and a wider range of stakeholders than in the past. At the same time management will continue to have to find ways of ensuring that their organisation and its environment and the other constraint under which it operated, are, as far as possible keep aligned. Managers seek to influence the constrains under which their organisation operates and the pace and timing of change to make them more favourable to their preferred way of working. The biggest challeng e facing industrial management today is globalisation. The creation of a unified world market place Allied to globalisation, however, are three other challenges ;how to achieve sustainability in a world of dwindling natural resources and increasing environmental pollution ;how to manage an increasingly diverse workforce, at a time when business leaders are considered less trust worthy than ever before, how to manage ethically. It has never been easy to define the role of manager, though this has not prevented a great number of attempts over the years. Definition of the role of management have ranged from attempts to list basic tasks: plans , organises, directs and controls on proprietors or on behalf, an industrial, commercial or other undertaking, organisation and   co-ordinates the work of departmental managers or other immediate subordinates.( Quoted in Dakin and Hamilton, 1990:32) To more ambitious attempts to define the essence of the managers role : the manager has the take task of creating a true whole that is larger than the sum of its parts, a productive entity that turns out more than the sum of resources put into it.(Drucker 1985:53) Drucker   (1985) also linked the manager to the conductor of symphony orchestra. Handy (1986), on the other hand, linked the manager to a doctor: the manager is the first recipient of problems. The managers role is, therefore, to identify the symptoms in any situation, to diagnose the disease or cause of the trouble; to decide how it might be dealt with, through a strategy for health; and to start the treatment. Duncan(1975) has a holistic view of the role of the manager. He identifies three distinct levels of management activity : philosophical(goal information), scientific(goal accomplishment and evaluation); and art(implementation of decisions). At the philosophical level the manager is mainly concerned with the effects of the actions and reactions of other individuals and groups which the organisation is set. At this level,   managers formulate clear and precise strategies that can result from the set goals. It is also at this level that the ethics of managerial behaviour, values and priorities of the organisation are formulated and established. At the scientific level, Manager develops plans, methods and techniques for achieving set goals. The art level is concerned with the implementation.This is the level at which tactical and administrative decision are made to deploy the organisations resoyrces. Mullins(1989) argued, that management is both a science and an art. By its very nature, management is forced to deal with both, science-based activities, such as the design and operation of manufacturing, and less rational, more intuitive activities, especially those concerning managing and motivating people. Mintzberg(1973,1975), He concluded the role of managers as follows: All managers do have regular, ordinary duties to perform. Rather than be ing systematic, reflective thinkers and planners, managers simply respond to the pressure or demands of their job. Managerial activities are characterised by brevity, variety and discontinuity. MIntzberg(1973) also found that managers role remarkably similar and their work can be described in terms of ten vary important roles that can be categorised under three headings: Interpersonal roles, informational roles, and decision-making roles. Interpersonal roles: One of the most time-consuming and important aspects of managerial role is to work with, direct and represent   people. International roles: Those in managerial positions have unique opportunities to obtain and disseminate information. Decision making roles: One of the main parts of any managers role is to take decision. Yokl(2002) notes, though these roles are common to most managerial jobs, the emphasis and importance of these roles varies between managers depending on a range of factors such as organ isation size, level of management, level of managerial independence, and the stage the organisation had reached in its life cycle. Stewart(1976,1982) drew particular attention to demands, constraints and choices in shaping managerial roles .Demands-these are the expectations that those in positions of power have for a role holder. .Constraints-these are factors peculiar to the organisation and its environment that limit a managers freedom to manoeuvre. .Choices-though managers are limited in what they can do by the demands and constraints of their jobs, all managers have a degree of discretion (choice) in what to do and when to do it. Hales(1986:102) in the researches on the managers role, concluded that: what manager do is, of necessity, an unreflective response to circumstances. The manager has to react rapidly to problems as they arise, take decision in situ and develop a preference for concrete activities. Mintzberg (1975:49) pointed out: if you ask a manager w hat he does he will most likely tell you he plans, organizes, co-ordinates and controls. Then watch what he does . Dont surprised if you cant relate what you see to those four words. Managers have to able to change their style of management and exhibit different styles to different parts of their organisation at the same time. Managers can and do adopt both the planned and emergent approaches to change management either alternately or simultaneously as the situation requires. Managers have to capable under certain conditions, especially when faced with a crisis of restructuring their mental models of how the world is and how they should respond. Mintzberg(1976) offers some clues as how managers can be successful managers. He concluded that effective and proficient managers are whole thinkers. On the negative view, Managers van act to hold back organisations, prevent beneficial change and create a climate of blame and wrong doing where in fighting and discrimination are t olerated. On the positive view, managers can identify opportunities for progress, promote ethical behaviour, recognise the opportunities that diversity brings and create sustainable organisations which achieve harmony with their environment. good managers can create the conditions for growth and prosperity. Effective managers, are, therefore, for very positive reasons, important to organisation. However they do not operate in isolation or have a totally free rein. Industrial managers have to rely far less on their personality, important though this maybe, and far more on their knowledge, skills, creating and experience. They are called to perform a wide range of duties and activities. Managers sometimes may choose or be required circumstances to change their organisations radically and quickly; sometimes they may choose to influence the context to promote or reduce the need for such changes. In other cases, change may take place more slowly and over a long period. The ke y factor in all this is to make conscious decision. Those who manage organisations to question and challenge their own and other peoples assumptions. Even where choices are identified, managers should not assume that exercising choice is easy or that the results will be beneficial for all concerned, including themselves. For this reason, managers have a responsibility in making and implementing choices to consider the implications not just for themselves, not just for their organisation, but for society as well. Therefore, organisations face many challenges and choices. Some organisations will find that their room for manoeuvre is very limited. Others may find that there is considerable scope for discretion. It is the role of managers to ensure that all available options and choices are identified, and that the choices made take account of both the short and long term interests of all their stakeholders whether these be shareholders, employees,   the managers themselves or the community at large. The worst managers may not be those make poor choices; it may be those who fail to recognise that there are choices to be made. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Industrial revolution #038; management theory" essay for you Create order

Report on the Book “the Goal” by Eliyahu Goldratt and Jeff...

Report on the book â€Å"The Goal† by Eliyahu Goldratt and Jeff Cox I really enjoyed this book. It was easy to read and easy to comprehend. The examples used in the book make the main ideas of the book memorable and easy to understand. I loved how the authors described the thinking process of the main character, Alex, in a day to day every person’s situations. To me the main value of this book is that its main concepts are applicable to every business, not just manufacturing facilities. I work in marketing and I was surprised to gain knowledge that can help me in my job, specifically business-customer relationships. â€Å"The Goal† gave me a better understanding of how market operates in general. Below I described the summary of the book. The†¦show more content†¦Jonah explains to him that the first thing he has to do is to identify dependent events (â€Å"events in which the output of one event influences the input to another event†) and statistical fluctuations (â€Å"common cause variations in output quantity or quality†). Alex doesn’t understand what Jonah is talking about and how these two terms can be the problem if his plant, especially taking into consideration that the calculated efficiency of his plant is high. He doesn’t believe that these are the reason for late orders. The next day after returning home, Alex is taking his son and a class of Boy Scouts out on a hiking expedition. Here comes my favorite part of the book. One of the boys, Herbie, becomes a constraint because he slows down the whole group. While trying to manage the hiking and the boys Alex realizes that different average walking speed of the boys doesn’t compensate for itself. He tries to figure out why the speed differentiations accumulate and the group is continuously spreading out farther and farther, even when Herbie is putting in extra effort not to lag behind the group. Alex tries to apply two of the principles of the theory of constraints into the hiking trip and then he applies it as a comparison model for his manufacturing cycle. Now Alex sees clearly that the professor was right - that in a chain of dependent processes, statisticalShow MoreRelatedThe Goal : A Process Of Ongoing Improvement By Eliyahu M.goldratt And Jeff Cox1414 Words   |  6 Pages Book Report: The Goal Horane Williams MGMT 430: WB1 Sp.15 University of Baltimore Eliyahu M. Goldratt s The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement by Eliyahu M.Goldratt and Jeff Cox has changed the way organizations do business and handle constraints. The Goal tells of a guy name Alex Rogo, whom is a supervisor at a production plant how he helps save his plant. At the beginning his plant was unproductive and faced a lot of constraints within. With his help, the plantRead MoreOperational Failures Occur Within Organizations Across All Industries Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesmachinery performing the task of carrying out the majority of daily task operating on a 24/7 basis. BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM AND ITS ORGINS Eliyahu M. Goldrath introduced an overall management philosophy, the theory of constraints (TOC) in his book titled The Goal in 1984. This was gear to direct organizations in the continuous flow of achieving their goal. The theory underlying premise is that organizations will be able to be measured and controlled by variations measured: operational expensesRead MoreThe Goal : A Process Of Ongoing Improvement By Eliyahu M. Goldratt And Jeff Cox2079 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: I read the fictional book called, The goal: A process of ongoing improvement by Eliyahu M. Goldratt and Jeff cox. Goldratt has an extensive history of writing novels about business problems and their solutions. His list of work includes; The race, The haystack syndrome, What is This Thing Called Theory of Constraints and How Should it be Implemented?, It’s not luck, critical chain, and necessary but not sufficient. With his most recent work being in 2009 called Isn’t it obvious focusingRead MoreA Process Of Ongoing Improvement By Eliyahu Goldratt And Jeff Cox1601 Words   |  7 Pagesinitially received my copy of The Goal: A process of ongoing improvement by Eliyahu Goldratt and Jeff Cox, I assumed it would be your standard business book with dry statistics and nothing that would actually constitute as a story. I was pleasantly surprised that it was actually a well-developed story that kept me entertained and coincided with many point that were just being taught in our Supply Chain Management class (as I had finished the book relatively soon). 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It also provides the basis for information technology project planning. Information technology is usually a support function in an organization, so it is critical that the people initiating informationRead MoreIntroduction to Materials Management169665 Words   |  679 PagesAcquisitions Editor: Eric Krassow Editorial Assistant: Nancy Kesterson Production Editor: Louise N. Sette Production Supervision: GGS Book Services Design Coordinator: Diane Ernsberger Cover Designer: Jeff Vanik Production Manager: Deidra M. Schwartz Director of Marketing: David Gesell Marketing Manager: Jimmy Stephens Marketing Assistant: Alicia Dysert This book was set by GGS Book Services. It was printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley Sons Company. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corp. Copyright

A Case Study of Google Recruiting Free Essays

A Case Study of Google Recruiting Google’s recruitment process is famously difficult, with candidates having to face multiple interviews (we’ve heard stories of ‘double figures’) while those with sound work experience have been turned down due to having less than perfect college grades. As the company continues its rapid expansion, it has been forced to streamline this process, with Google co-founder Sergey Brin acknowledging last year that the company’s high bar for hiring was holding back its expansion. Google has increased its workforce by an average of 16 people daily, from 1,628 at the end of 2003 to 3,021 in 2004 and 5,680 at the end of last year. We will write a custom essay sample on A Case Study of Google Recruiting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Candidates have had to endure interviews with various different Google staff, as well as facing aptitude tests like this one. The average number of interviews for those offered a job at Google dropped from 6. 2 at the beginning of the year to 5. 1 in June. The company is said to be considering speeding up the process to prevent candidates accepting other jobs while waiting for a reply from Google. Candidates shouldn’t expect an easy ride though. According to the  Wall Street Journal, Google Chief Executive Eric Schmidt said in July that the company was â€Å"able to now in fact increase the standards by which we select and hire new people†. Google is said to place high importance on college grades, which can be frustrating for older candidates with a wealth of work experience How to cite A Case Study of Google Recruiting, Free Case study samples

Management and Organization Business Behaviour

Question: Describe about the Management and Organization for Business Behaviour. Answer: Introduction: This report is discussing about the management, organization behaviour, leadership etc. For achieving any target, an organization always relies on its employees. Individuals have to come together as a team for performing a particular task. However, there is always a need of motivation to enhance the work quality of employees and perform the task smoothly. The motivation work is done by a leader or an individual. The leader is very important as he has to ensure that the goal and targets of an organization must be achieved within the time limits and by using minimum resources. A leader is the one who can influence and motivate all the people around him. This report will explain my personal experience in an organization on leadership. Literature Review: This section of this report is describing literature review of the team work and leadership. I am going to discuss many research articles and my personal experience in context of relationship, team work, management theory and organization. Although there are huge organizational behaviour article available, but my literature review is going to focus on 5 areas as following which are Transformational Leadership, Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model, Tuckman's Model to Team Development, Lewin's Leadership Styles and Thamhain's Nine Ways to Influence on Projects. Some addiitional published materials are also used to understand the concept of team strategy, organizational behaviour, management and leadership. According to the theories implies into the literature review, type of leadership which my peer possessed will be discussed by me. In this section, I am going to discuss leadership style, strategies, team work; me and my colleague used for completing the task. A discussion will be done upon motivation, inflation, strategies, team work etc. There are positive and negative aspect of leadership and some recommendation are also there, that will be discussed in this section. In next section, my whole team performance will be reflected based upon literature review and strategies. The process will reflect on the process on tuckmans group development process and how it was useful for developing my work group. Importance of a good and effective team will also be discussed and how my team was an effective team will also be described. In last section, conclusion of this report based upon my personal experience, findings and observations on the team process and leadership qualities. The opportunity of doing work as a team member has also expanded my perspective of having a good and effective team and leadership. Literature Review: Leadership is a key element of every business, organization, group etc. It is required to achieve any kind of success and goals. Leadership is defined as a process in any work environment for guiding and directing attitude, behaviour of an individual (Nelson Quick, 2006). Leaders are even able to change ability, perception of an individual regarding anything. They change their ability for the purpose of inspiration, motivation, information and communication effectively. There are huge number of strategies and leadership styles for accomplishing organizations objectives and goals. Every time a leader use different strategy, based on situation. This section is discussing literature review upon leadership theories. This is based on many printed article, instructor, search engine, electronic database etc. Leadership style theory: According to Nelson Quick (2006), a research was conducted by Kurt Lewin earliest, he identified that there are 3 basic style of leadership. That are: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire. These styles are used on a team according to situation. The autocratic leader is the one who is of controlling nature and apply many rules and regulations. This leadership style is basically used by a leader when group is new and there is lack of direction. The democratic leader is the one who is responsible in nature and consider subordinates idea also. A leader with democratic nature, encourage its group member to take actively participation in group activities. The Laissez-free style leader dont implement responsibility and authority and free their group member to work in their own way. This style is only useful if all the members of group are skilled. Leadership strategy theory: Leadership strategy is basically describes that how a leader can influence its group member and their performance. The leadership model described by Paul is the best approach for leadership. Model can be changed at any time as the project progress. Task and relationship behaviour are the 2 characteristics of leadership, due to which leadership style get change (Dubrin, Dalgish Miller, 2006). A leader must use telling style for members who dont want to do task and unable to do. Selling style helps a leader when a member is unable to do but want to do the task. Participating leadership style helps a leader to involve all the members in decision making process. And when a leader delegates all the responsibilities to members is and tell them to progress further comes in Delegating style. However, great number of research has been done on Situational leadership model, in reality it doesnt work. This model was introduced in 1969 for the first time. Mr. Graeff (1997) discovered that there is inconsistence between situational leadership models which is the cause of confusion. Thompson and Vecchio (2009) done research on comparison of existing one and new one. Liz Lee-Kelly (2002) discussed about the situation approach in her published article, she suggested that there is not any single leadership style for a leader every time. Research in this field is continuously happening as it is most important aspect of an organization. Recently two types of leadership have been introduced: Transactional and Transformational. Transactional leadership is used by leaders when they have to give rewards or punishment. Transformational leadership relies more on inspiration and performance. Management Strategies Theory: Employees always have any options in front of them. If they find job less interesting, they can leave the job or switch it anytime. So it is very important for an organization to make their employee satisfy and retain them. Schwalbe (2007) develop an approach for project manager to deal with their subordinates. It is found that projects are failing on a higher rate if project manager is totally relying on higher authority. However, if project mangers use their skills and their experience to motivate and influence the people, there are more chances for a project to get succeed. A project manager must develop leadership qualities (Veal, 2004). Veal describes 4 process of project management to promote success. This guidelines defiantly helps project manager to evaluate own capability and get success. Team Work Theory: For achieving the success in an organization, each employee has to work in a team. An effective team works faster and even with higher quality. Hayward (1998) defines a work team as 2 or more people in a group who have some responsibilities to achieve the goal and completing their task. Tuckman (1965) introduced a model of team development in 4 stages. That are: forming, storming, norming and performing. At the earlier stage, members meet to each other and try to know each other and learn to work together. At storming level, conflicts and differences appears. Actions for managing the conflicts are taken on norming level and at the last stage, all the group members work together to achieve their goal (Dubrin, Dalgish Miller, 2006). In 1977, this model was modified by adding an additional stage, called adjourning (Tuckman Jensen, 1977). At adjourning stage, the group is dissolved. Tudor, Rickards Susan (2000) describes that for creating any innovative product, Tuckman model dont explain that what are the loose points of innovative and creative leadership. Parker (2008) explains about 4 team player styles for success of nay team, which are challengers, contributors, communicators and collaborators. Reflection on my peers leadership: First of all, it was quite complicated to choose one of the group members as project manager. It was hard because we all were strangers. But for completing the task, we had to work as team and so it was important to choose a one as our leader. According to me, a leader is one who must have respect and faith from all the group members (Weber Camerer, 2003). On the basis of Belbins personality assessment, we all have agreed to elect our project manager from categorized coordinators. We all believe that a leader must be well organized person and trustworthy. According to description of Belbins test, our group leader had to perform well in managing and keeping all the group activities and documentation. He introduced us with a website www.zoho.com, where we all were able to upload all the resources and documents. All the edited and modified documents were strictly had to versioned correctly so no one needed to read older or outdated information. He encouraged all the group members to discuss everything related to topic via a web forum so there was no need to make call to team members. From my point of view, he was a great influencer and motivator, who motivated us timely to furnish the best ideas. We all were able to give good suggestions and ideas through his directions. As my product manager was an experienced guy and aged one. His knowledge, skills, expertise etc were unbeatable; he was able to share his knowledge on every aspect of organization. His ability of communicating about the overall project requirement used to help each member in understanding exactly that what was expected to us. According to my observation, democratic leadership style was adopted by our project manager; he used to make overall direction for our team. He always encouraged to us to make a participation in all the activities actively and vote for decision making process. Although decisions were always based on all the team members, but still he had the right to the final say. However as he permitted all of us to raise our ideas, but all ideas given by team was not relevant and due to it, much time had been wasted (Brooks, 2003). There, according to me he lacked, in controlling the members of group. He used to apply old techniques which were not as much as effective as new one. For completing the task, project manager had broken up the task and outlined in several sections. And this process is done by him before the meeting. He didnt even feel bother to ask team members about their area of interest. And when members asked him about it, he used his old school techniques. However, the entire task assigned to group members and additional task were also given them to check others work, based upon their ability (Parker, 2000). Project manager was the last person to consolidate and check everything. He putted his eyes on every member and their task. Wherever he felt like work is not going in a proper manner, he personally used to look into the work and helped the members to accomplish their work. During the meetings, I had absorbed that managers leadership style changed timed to time. In first few weeks, he adopted telling style where all the documentation, strategies etc were made by him. At a later stage, he used selling style, where we all members assigned a task individually. Because of this styles, every team member feel worthy in a team (Armstrong, 2003). Reflection on performance of my project team: In our first meeting, we tried to know each other and make a bond. This phase is known as forming stage. (Tuckmans Group Development Model). In this stage, we all were tried to meet and talk to others very carefully and not to offend with each other. Questions were asked to us was totally based upon our experience. There were some questions related to project and education (Mullins, 2005). Once we all started knowing each other, we progressed to the next level that is storming. Conflicts start appearing in this stage like who will become leader, project manager etc. however, my all team were able to think collectively with the help of tutor. We all were able to be in a team. In this stage, we were still not able to agree on same timing for meeting as every team member had different commitments (Fincham Rhodes, 2005). As the time passed, we entered in the norming stage. We all were able to make directions for the team. We started understanding each others strength, weakness any with the help of it, we worked on our project. We all were enough open to each other and argued for the project s goals (Fraser Bosanquet, 2006). Once everything has settled down, our group was ready and we all were thinking collectively for achieving project goal and objectives. This stage was performing stage, where we actually started working for our project. After working with that team for a longer time, I can say that it was an effective team. According to parker (2008) all the 12 characteristics were in my team. We all had a clear purpose of goals, objectives, vision and mission etc. and we all were able to finish our assigned task in provided time limit. Our meetings used to be in an informal way, so that everybody could comfortably share their views (Bolton, 2005). We all used to listen, argue and understand each others ideas. If anybody felt disagree with ideas, we tried to resolve it. Most importantly all the decisions made were by a general agreement. In our group, each individual was assigned a task and asked to upload the solution on collaborative website. Once an individual uploaded the solutions, others were permissible to check it and make comment on forum. This feedback policy helped a team member to know about his work and it was a convenient way to make a reply of the comments (Forster, 2005).. This policy also helped in gathering all the opinions towards an issue. A positive feedback towards any task helps in reducing conflicts. In our team, we had some good team players who used to complete their task in time and with high quality. They also used to help other members in their task to complete on time and with a good quality. Some members were even able to find out the resources which were not in their job scope (Thomson, 2002). Each members hard work and understanding nature made it possible to complete the task within time limits. Each member was ready to help another one in finishing their task on time (Schein, 2004). In this project, we all could complete our project before the time. Although draft version was prepared few week earlier but still we all were failing to finalize it. It was because of the fact that we had to ensure that any kind of fault was not in that project. Earlier all the members were not able to manage the time because of other commitments and it was creating a problem for others. But after interpretation of project manager all started doing their work properly. Conclusion: In most of the organization, at todays time, all the individuals work together as a team to discuss and identify solutions of any task or project. Every individual needs direction and support timely. It totally depends on a project manager that how he leads to his team. Leadership style, strategy, motivation strategy etc of a leader affects the total outcome of project of an organization. Leadership style is always getting change according to time and situation. At earlier stage, project manager has to be autocratic, at this phase he has to set directions, goals and also manage his team. Once team members start having a bond, the leader can change his style to democratic style and allow all the members for participating in decision making process. A leader is the one who is able to encourage his team to think out of the world. Our group leader had applied some leadership style mentioned in literature review. He used to change his leadership style according to situation and timely. Earlier he adopted autocratic style, but as the time passed he shifted to democratic style. A leaders personality is also an important factor for success of any project. For an effective team, all the members must be clear about all the direction and objective of team. The main aspects of a team are work together and communicate with each other freely. In our team, I found that we all were doing a great job as a team and there was an open communication among all of us. We were able to discuss on anything related to project very freely. As every individual assigned a work load and time for completing and delivering that task, all were feeling worthy. By using social websites like Skype, the team were in contact even in late night for completing the work on time. As a conclusion, I would say that leader plays as a key factor in achieving the task on time as well as retaining the employees for a longer time. References: Armstrong, M. (2003) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, Kogan Page, London.UK Bolton, G., (2005),Reflective Practice: Writing and Professional Development,2nd Edition, Sage, London. Brooks, I. (2003) Organisational Behaviour: Individuals, Groups and Organisation Second Edition, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited, London UK. Dubrin, A., Dalgish, C. Miller P. (2006). Leadership: Second Asia Pacific Edition. Australia: John Wiley Sons. Dubrin, A., Dalgish, C. Miller P. (2006). Leadership: Second Asia Pacific Edition. Australia: John Wiley Sons. Fincham, R. and Rhodes, P., (2005),Principles of Organizational Behaviour, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Forster, M., (2005).Maximum Performance: A Practical Guide to Leading and Managing People at Work,Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Fraser, S. Bosanquet, A., (2006), The curriculum? That is just a unit outline, isn't it?',Studies in Higher Education, 31, pp.269-284. Mullins, L. (2005). Management and Organisational Behaviour Seventh Edition, Pearson Education Limited, UK Nelson, D.L. Quick J. C. (2006). Organizational behaviour: foundation, realities challenges. Thomson South-Western. Nelson, D.L. Quick J. C. (2006). Organizational behaviour: foundation, realities challenges. Thomson South-Western. Parker, M. (2000). Organisational Culture and Identity, SAGE Publications Ltd, London.UK Paul H., Blanchard K. H. Johnson D. (2008). Management of organization behaviour: leading human resource. Pearson prentice Hall. Parker, M. (2000). Organisational Culture and Identity, SAGE Publications Ltd, London.UK Thomson, R. (2002). Managing People. 3nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford UK Schein E. H (2004). Organizational culture and leadership. 3rd Edition, Wiley Imprint Weber, R.A and Camerer, C.F. 2003. Cultural conflict and merger failure: An Experimental Approach. Management science, Vol 49, Issue 4, p 400-415 Armstrong, A., and Baron, A.,(2005),Managing Performance: Performance Management in Action,CIPD, London

The Human Genome project and its revolutionary insight to the genetic blue print of the human body

Abstract Human genome is a contemporary scientific revolution that seeks to find the cure for serious human diseases. For many years, incurable diseases have killed many people, but the new discoveries in the cure for these diseases have given hope to those who are suffering from incurable diseases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Genome project and its revolutionary insight to the genetic blue print of the human body specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human Genome sciences mainly seek to find new therapeutic ways of treating those deadly diseases that prove to be fatal and improve the chances of survival for many hopeless patients. This scientific project usually involves the application of DNA sequence to develop certain types of protein combined with anti-body drug. Since its discovery in 1992, human genome project has gained success within the field of biopharmaceutical industry by discovering various treatment drugs for cancer, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, rheumatoid arthritis and other incurable diseases. Already, the clinical trials have proven to be successful and this industry is growing daily in spite of the serious implications that accompanies it. The genome research has provided many social and economic benefits to the society today. The Human Genome project and its revolutionary insight to the genetic blue print of the human body The human genome project is a scientific application of biotechnology to develop pharmaceuticals by identifying the problematic proteins in the body. Some of these proteins may have defects; some may be in excess or may also be totally absent from the body. Therefore, the technology is used to engineer the protein or similar molecules to repair the problems in the body (Gad, 2007 Cantor Smith, 1999). Although, the human genome project promises a revolutionary insight to the genetic blue print of the human beings, its application has raised some se rious social, ethical, and economic implications. This paper will consider the social, ethical, and economic implications that have emerged from the application of this project. The paper also seeks to discuss its relationship to the broader context of genetic engineering and its applications by examining the application of frank stein metaphor and its potentiality for genetic engineering. Genome is a general term that includes the entire DNA organism and the genes that store and transmit all the proteins that are used therein. It is the proteins stored therein that decide the general component and behavior of the organism and its ability to fight against viral infection (Barnes Dupre, 2008). For many years, scientists have attempted to find the therapeutic solution to the incurable diseases that continue to kill many people around the world. However, in 1992, a breakthrough was found in human genome project (Barnes Dupre, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Toriello (2003) explains that it is the decoding of the mollecular arrangement in the chromosomes, part of the reproductive cells, which is mostly found in human body. Scientists and doctors believe that human genome is the genetic blue print that forms the core elements of the physical and behavioral traits of every human individual. These traits are passed through inheritance to their offspring (Toriello, 2003). One of the main goals of human genome project is to undertake research into the genetic makeup of non-human species, especially laboratory mouse, fruit fly and many others (Cantor Smith, 1999). The DNA variations of human beings is what is being used by scientists to diagnose, treat and somewhat prevent various diseases and disorders that affects human beings. Scientists also use DNA to determine individual’s biological make up, natural abilities and how to solve challenges that face hum an reproduction, food production, environmental effects, health care and social welfare (Murray, 1996). However, Human genome project does not operate in isolation, but involves other scientific disciplines like genetic engineering, molecular biology, eugenics, biochemistry, and bio-pharmacology (Cantor Smith, 1999). Cooper states that the aim of the human genome project is to identify and learn the sequences of the thousands of genes or DNA that mostly determine the characteristics and development of phenotype (Cooper, 1994). Scientists have discovered that the solution lies with the scaling and purification of antibodies. Therefore, in conjunction with biopharmaceutical companies, they employed the use of commercial proteins for treating human diseases (Gottschalk, 2009).The antibodies are commercially produced in large scale in the laboratories by involving cultured cells from mammal tissues, which are then grown in a safe environment to produce human drugs. The process of purif ying these antibodies to produce proteins from mammals like mice have not just faced many challenges, but also raised many questions as well as raising many serious implications. Today, these therapeutic antibodies are widely available in the clinical markets around the world (Gottschalk, 2009). Although, genetics has become an important part of medical practice and treatment, its implementation has not only made an impact on health care, but also raised many ethical implications (Murray, 1996). Murray also argued that it has reinvented the new meaning of the relationship between patients and physicians thus, revolutionizing the ‘social institutions, legal provisions and economic arrangements’ of this relationship ( Murray 1996:17). Some of the ethical implications of genetic research touches on informed consent , privacy and confidentiality. It is imperative that all the research subjects or participants have been informed and their consent obtained before any research has been done on them. The subjects also need to be fully prepared before and have been educated on the risks and benefits of research process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Genome project and its revolutionary insight to the genetic blue print of the human body specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, there are possibilities of psychosocial risks that may arise such as stigma, guilt, identity crisis and false results that may adversely affect the patient. It is important that all the participants are reassured and their confidential information and identity maintained. Having an access to and disclosure of genetic information are other factors that must be addressed appropriately. Additionally, the researchers also need to give or lay down clear procedures on how to collect the genetic samples and how to conduct the research (Boon, 2002). Furthermore, the process and procedure for collecting and storing the research samples such as blood, tissue, saliva and other kinds of body fluids for future must be properly done. To obtain such information, one needs to follow the proper channel. Such a research may affect children most compared to adults. Children who take part in such a research may face possible long-term consequences like social stigma and or even institutional discrimination (Boon, 2002). Genetic research raises the question determining the sexual orientation. Lone (1999) argues that the use of genetic research to determine the sexual behaviors and orientation may have serious controversies and consequences in the family. For instance, the information may be used to harm the unborn children who may have homosexual orientation and those who are born may be forced to seek medical treatment or discriminated against. Moreover, it may lead couples to choose the sex of the child they want to have leading to abortions. Unfortunately, genetic research and information can be used negatively, to discriminate people who are perceived to have some form of mental disorders, unintelligent or with physical defects or those of different races leading to what are referred to as Eugenics or racial purity (Barnes Dupre, 2008). In fact, some writers even argue that genome project is a result of Eugenic sequence, which was performed to control the human populations. Eugenics is a scientific study for depopulation of human species by controlling the reproduction of people perceived to have defects or presumed to suffer from undesirable inheritable characters. This may include people suffering from mental or physical disorders or disabilities (Smoller et al, 2008). This may have serious social and political implications if used in Nazi style to control the population (Lioyd, 2008, p. 57). In a way, it may result to another holocaust or ethnic cleansing.Advertising Looking for essay on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Genetic Engineering includes factors such as gene cloning, gene therapy, gene manipulation, gene modification, and recombinant DNA technology. The genetic research has also been used to study the brain stem cells thus leading to revolutionary treatment of mental diseases and psychotic disorders. However, the manner in which this research is conducted on animals and then tested on human beings is believed to have led the patients to drug abuse. Scientists therefore apply medical technology to identify the gene variations and separate the chromosomes connected to different or same species. The moral objection of this practice raises the question of manipulation of human genome, seen by the religious circles as playing God. The debate over genetic engineering has heated up since 1980s touching on the theories of evolution, sexuality, gender and philosophy of biology (Lioyd, 2008). However, the emergence and development of genetic engineering in the modern age mirrors the horrors of Fra nkenstein myth and fictions on embryonic research. According to Mulkay (1996, 157), the genetic research is a realization of â€Å"Frankenstein dream of systematic, science based control over the control over the creation of human beings†, being practiced today in fertility clinics. Although, Frankenstein was dubbed as a mad scientist, his predictions about human manipulations through human genome project are fulfilled. From business perspectives, genome research and genetic treatment has attracted huge financial incentives. Many people are now turning focus on this therapy to solve their diseases. It is continuing to promise big financial pay offs, from genetically produced products continuing to change the lives of many people around the world. There have been massive development and expansion of biotechnological research and production with great financial rewards. This technology does not only deal with therapeutic advancement but also with agricultural production (Sulsto n Ferry, 2002). Genetic engineering has revolutionized and improved human survival who are somewhat threatened by drought, famine and other environmental disasters. This method is being used for sustainable agriculture in famine prone countries for commercial purposes in large scale. Genetic engineering has also improved human lives, especially life expectancy by treating the diseases that were considered incurable. Economically, it has provided millions with job opportunities in research institutions, clinics, and pharmaceutical companies. Conclusion This paper has examined the social, ethical, and economic implications of human genome project for the society and its potential for applications of the genetic research. It has looked at the arguments surrounding the genetic engineering and its applications to human beings. Largely, it has established that evolution of genetic engineering and its application in human life in areas such as IVY and embryonic treatment, which are largel y popular, were predicted in Frankstein horror movies. For many years, scientists and Doctors tried in vain the cure and therapeutic solution for incurable diseases and disorders including HIV /AIDS, diabetes, and cancer. However, the breakthrough has only come through the genetic research of which genome project plays a big part. Although, this genome research is hugely popular, its application and implementation has raised serious socio-economic, political, legal, and ethical implications. Some of the problems associated with this practice, includes eugenics that is the method of controlling human population, which somehow, has led to ethnic cleansing like the Nazi style. The other problems include the prediction of child sexual orientation and other disorders or defects before. This may lead to termination or discrimination of children who are considered undesirable or undeserving. Nevertheless, genetic research has become a multibillion-dollar income, with many people turning to it for treatment and food production. Both the pharmaceutical companies and bio technological research centers are making huge money out of this project. Genetic research has also improved human lives and survival through genetically modified food, IVF treatment giving hope to infertile men and women who could not have babies. More importantly, it has offered much the chance to survive some of the incurable diseases and given a longer life expectancy. Above all, it has given many, the hope of employment opportunities. There are many people who are now employed in genome research institutions, clinics and pharmaceutical industries. Bibliography Barnes, B., Dupre, J., 2008. Genomes and what to make of them. Chicago: University of Chicago press. Boon, K. A., 2002. The human genome project: what does decoding DNA mean for us?  Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. Cantor, C. R., Smith, C. L., 1999. Genomics: the science and technology behind the  human genome project. New York : John Wiley. Cooper, N. G., 1994. The human genome project: deciphering the blueprint of heredity. Mill Valley, Calif: Univ. Science Books. Gad, S. C., 2007. Handbook of pharmaceutical biotechnology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Gottschalk, U., 2009. Process scale purification of antibodies. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Lioyd, E.A., 2008. Science, Politics, and Evolution. Leiden: Cambridge University Press. Lone, D.L., 1999. â€Å"Whose genes are they? The Human Genome Diversity Project†. J  Health Soc Policy 10 (4): 51–66. Mulkay, M., 1996. â€Å"Frankestein and the Debate over embryo research†. In Science,  Technology Human Values 21(2): 157-176. Murray, T. H., 1996. The human genome project and the future of health care. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press. Smoller, J. W., Sheidley, B. R., Tsuang, M. T., 2008. Psychiatric genetics:  applications in clinical practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. Sulston, J., Ferry, G., 2002. The common thread a story of science, politics, ethics,  and the human genome. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry Press. Toriello, J., 2003. The Human Genome Project. New York: Rosen Pub. Group. This essay on The Human Genome project and its revolutionary insight to the genetic blue print of the human body was written and submitted by user Emmitt G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

University of Southern Indiana SAT Scores, Aid and More

University of Southern Indiana SAT Scores, Aid and More University of Southern Indiana Description: The University of Southern Indiana first opened its doors in 1965 as a regional campus of Indiana State University. Today the 330-acre campus in Evansville is an independent state university. The university is made up of five colleges: business, education and human services, liberal arts, nursing and health professions, and science and engineering. Some of the most popular choices are business, advertising, and education degrees, and professional programs related to business and health are particularly popular among undergraduates. Students can join a number of on-campus groups and activities, including: academic clubs (Art Club, German Club, Philosophy Club); religious groups (Campus Outreach, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Young Life); and recreational clubs (Archery, Jane Austen Society, Table Top Club). On the athletic front, the USI Screaming Eagles compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference. Popular sports include Track and Field, Cross Country, Baseball, and Soccer. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): University of Southern Indiana Acceptance Rate: 92%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 450 / 540SAT Math: 440 / 540SAT Writing: 420 / 525What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 19 / 25ACT English: 18 / 25ACT Math: 18 / 25ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers mean Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 10,668  (9,585 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38% Male / 62% Female71% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $7,605  (in-state); $17,847 (out-of-state)Books: $1,140 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,896Other Expenses: $2,302Total Cost: $19,943  (in-state); $30,185 (out-of-state) University of Southern Indiana Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 89%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 70%Loans: 58%Average Amount of AidGrants: $6,590Loans: $7,213 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Advertising, Art, Business Administration, Elementary Education, Health Services, Marketing, Nursing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 70%Transfer-out Rate: 38%4-Year Graduation Rate: 19%6-Year Graduation Rate: 38% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Baseball, Golf, Soccer, Basketball, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf, Cross Country, Track and Field Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like the University of Southern Indiana, You May Also Like These Schools: Indiana State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBall State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIndiana University - Bloomington: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphButler University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFranklin College: Profile  Bellarmine University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Kentucky: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Louisville: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphValparaiso University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAnderson University: Profile   University of Southern Indiana Mission Statement: mission statement from usi.edu/about/mission-vision USI is an engaged learning community advancing education and knowledge, enhancing civic and cultural awareness, and fostering partnerships through comprehensive outreach programs. We prepare individuals to live wisely in a diverse and global community.

Buddha was a religious innovator Essay Example for Free

Buddha was a religious innovator Essay In my opinion, Buddha was a religious innovator- since he went against all other prominent religious beliefs of the time in declaring that there was no soul- no permanent self (anatta). I will be discussing whether Buddha was indeed a religious innovator, the ideas he has taken from other religions and entirely original, new concepts he created. He disagreed with many other popular religious practices, for example sacrifices- around which the Vedic religion (which was popular around Buddha’s time) revolved. He did so for many reasons, the main being Buddhists don’t believe in a God- no God would mean sacrificing an animal would be wasteful and pointless. Another reason he disagreed with this would be that hurting the animal would be against the eightfold path since harming the animal unnecessarily would not be a ‘right action’ it would also be an example of not showing the ‘right mindfulness’ since if we were aware of the animal’s pain and suffering then we wouldn’t be sacrificing the animal. Many Buddhists choose to be vegetarian as hurting animals creates bad karma due to the above. Buddha’s main difference in opinion to ideas of the time would be that the Buddhist Dharma (or teaching) says that we have no soul or ‘no permanent self,’ this is called Anatta. Buddhists believe that because we are made up of five Skandhas- (Form, sensations, perceptions, mental formation and consciousness) that are constantly changing, we have no permanent self. Buddhism was the first religion to say that we have no soul. The Jains and Shramanas (both prominent religions of Buddha’s time) both taught that the atman (or soul) is reincarnated time after time until Moksha, where the soul returns to God (or ‘Brahmin’ in some cases.) In Buddhism, Buddha taught that it is not our atman that is reborn, but our karma. For example- a candle lighting another candle, it is the heat from the first candle that lights the second- no part of the first candle is passed along to the second. Buddhists believe this, but with karma instead of heat- that is, they believe it is our karma that causes rebirth time after time. Buddha also made it clear that equality was an important part of Buddhism since we could be reborn as anything- poor man or a king- we are all the same. This was innovative since in Eastern Europe there was great emphasis on the social division called the caste system, which was present in the Vedic religion and very rigid. This meant that many of the lower classes and poorer people could not take part and so were cut off from the religion. However, Buddha did take ideas from the ideas of karma, but changed them slightly. For example, the Jains believed that karma was a sticky substance which floated above their heads preventing them from escaping rebirth, whereas Buddhists might perceive karma as a force which governs balance- for example if you’re a bad, mean, rich person in this life, you might come back as a poor beggar who lives a miserable life. Another Jain idea that Buddha imitated was that of ‘Ahisma’ or non-violence. Buddhists believe violence is wrong because of parts of the eightfold path, such as ‘right action’. This was the Jains main teaching- they were the first to become vegetarians- many Buddhists choose to become vegetarians too. Having considered both points of view, I still believe that Buddha was a great religious innovator simply due to the fact that most of his teachings and ideas had not been heard before. Buddha was a religious innovator. (2017, Sep 11).

Best practices for network security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Best practices for network security - Essay Example Requiring proper authentication IV. MONITOR THE ENVIRONMENT A. Monitoring security logs 1. Checking for needed attention and applying a security fix B. Reviewing and updating the security policy Network Security Best Practices When it comes to securing your network, reliability and fail proof security are vitally important. With more and more data and sensitive information being conducted and housed on various networks, security has become an important part of the puzzle that must be considered moving forward. To ensure impeccable network security, comprehensive analysis and exploration of the entire network needs to be conducted. One should begin by accessing the environment, as it is through this mechanism that we can make a comprehensive risk assessment. By assessing the environment, we can observe what requirements are needed in order to optimize security. The environment is comprised of two primary elements: infrastructure and staff. A thorough review of infrastructure is requir ed in order to conduct an adequate risk assessment. Once a company knows how much its assets are worth, and what threats could potentially affect those assets, they are able to formulate intelligent decisions regarding how to protect said assets. Network security is a balanced art. It is likely that a company can apply too much security, lagging down the infrastructure, or perhaps too little, exposing the network and making it vulnerable to attack. By assessing the current infrastructure, trained security analysis' can find the balance between the right amount of security required for the particular volume of infrastructure. (Bayrak & Brabowski, 2006). The evaluation of the members of staff and their specific role in the company is important in maintaining a secure network. Each staff and role needs to be assigned a financial value and the cost of comprised or lost data associated with that role needs to be calculated. In this way, financially speaking, administrators can determine the financial repercussions of a threat in relation to the staff, as well as determine the level of security each staff member should have. A risk assessment is a tool for identifying weaknesses and vulnerabilities within a network, and then assessing where to implement security and preventative measures. Risk assessment has four main goals: to indentify the assets and their worth, to identity threats and vulnerabilities, to identify the potential impact of threats, and to provide an economic balance between the impact of the threat and the financial cost of the preventative measures. This is generally the process in which an operation can access whether a risk is at an acceptable level or whether it should be counter measured. (Gerald, 2005). The first step of successful risk assessment is to identify the assets and their appropriate values. The value placed on assets is relative to the work hours required to develop it, the cost to maintain it, the potential damage caused if it we re lost or stolen, and the potential financial gain another company or individual would receive through use of the stolen product. To assess and value the assets, the company must generally consider the following issues. Firstly, the cost of developing an asset should be carefully considered. Secondly, the cost to maintain and protect the asset should rise to the front of any discussion surrounding network security. Third, the estimated value to the asset should be calculated. Fourthly, the value

Training Manuals at Strident Marks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training Manuals at Strident Marks - Essay Example Through its IPO, the company exposes itself to public scrutiny and speculation. The company's decision to venture into other profitable products further requires a finance department which will ensure that only those lucrative investments are pursued. Thus, the role of its finance department becomes more emphasized. The training module which will be given to members of that functional area should be designed so as to guide the new employees in conducting valuation analysis. It is recommended that the training module be composed of three distinct parts: the role of the financial department in attaining the goals and objectives of Strident Marks; the different valuation techniques and their applications; and including qualitative issues in valuation analysis. This paper believes that in order for the employees to appreciate their jobs, they should be able to place themselves within the organization. It is imperative that the training manual shows especially to the new employees their essential role in the organization. Doing this will further boost the morale of the employees and motivate them to do their jobs. Seeing one's place in the organization will enhance the commitment of employees specially the new ones. The next two parts will be the

La Jument Lighthouse Essay Example for Free

La Jument Lighthouse Essay The name of this well known light house is La Jument. It is located in Brittany, France. The lighthouse is built on a rock about 300 meters from the coast of the island of Ushant in the middle of the ocean. Construction of this lighthouse began in 1904 but wasnt finished until 1911 due to the rough seas and weather conditions. The west coast of Northern France has always been known for its rough seas. This heavily trafficked sea line experiences severe weather during much of the year. This area has experienced many shipwrecks over the centuries. Including one accident, the wreck of the steam ship Drummond Castle in June, 1896, was responsible for the deaths of nearly 250 people. Between the years 1888 and 1904 thirty-one ships were wrecked there. The construction was paid for privately by a wealthy Frenchman who had almost lost his life in a shipwreck. La Jument first became famous through a series of pictures taken by Jean Guichard in 1989. To take these pictures Jean Guichard hired a helicopter to fly over the Iroise Sea during a very dangerous storm. The infamous pictures, also named La Jument, were taken on December 21,1989 of the lighthouse keeper Theodore Malgorn, who was trapped in the lighthouse during a dangerous storm with gale force winds and surge waves of 20-30 meters. The waves from this storm smashed through the windows of the lighthouse, tore the front door off, and flooded the inside of tower carrying all the furniture out with it. Theodore Malgorn was taking refuge in the lantern room awaiting a rescue helicopter when he went outside to see a helicopter hired to take pictures where he almost lost his life when a huge wave came crashing all around the lighthouse just barley escaping death saving his life in a matter of seconds. These series of pictures taken by Jean Guichard inspired many places to take the safety of lighthouse keepers more seriously. The improved technology and increased mechanization have now made lighthouse keepers unnecessary. Today in the U.S. all of our lighthouses are automated except for one in Boston, which was the first one built on our shores. Many lighthouses are no longer needed because of advancements in technology making traveling the coast more safe. Some lighthouses are now being turned over to the government or other organizations to keep them maintained for future generations to learn about their place in the history of our country.

If This World Were Mine, by E. Lynn Harris :: Essays Papers

If This World Were Mine, by E. Lynn Harris In the hilarious â€Å"just keepin’ it real† style novel, If This World Were Mine, by E. Lynn Harris, a group of friends decide to start a journal club, like they did back in their college English class. This story is told by each and all takes place in the 90's around the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays. Sometimes it is easier to put your thoughts on paper rather than express them out loud. A group of college friends decides to restart their journal club called, If This World Were Mine. The group includes Yolanda, single, independent, and not looking for a man. She was once married, but her husband wanted to travel, while she was ready to be stable. Then there’s Dr. Leland Thompson, gay and single. Riley Woodson, the epidimy of beauty. She’s married to her college sweetheart Selwyn, who is also a member of the journal club, and they have a set of twins’, Ryan and Reginald. Dwight Leon Scott is also a member he is divorced and mad at the world. He was married to Kelli, a former member of the group. She left because Dwight wouldn’t. The group has monthly meetings where they eat, drink, and read and discuss their journals. Each member of the group always brings something to read to the meeting, but they never read what is really going on in their lives. Th ey all feel like they have to impress the other members, which defeats the whole purpose of the journal club. The climax of the story begins when Leland’s client, Taylor Wilson called and asked to have an emergency meeting. After Leland’s secretary scheduled the meeting and Taylor made it to the office, he began to tell Leland what was going on. At the same time Yolanda was in New York handling some business and also visiting John, her new guy friend. One day she went to John’s apartment on surprise and got a bigger surprise than she expected. While back in Chicago, Taylor was still talking with Leland about the man he saw that he had met back in the days when he was a family court judge. They had an affair and caused him to divorce his wife and leave his kids and career. Taylor told Leland about the man’s gray eyes which made Leland think about Yolanda’s new guy friend.

Bereavement Support for Older Adults

Running Head: Bereavement Support for Older Adults Six Session Group: Bereavement Support for Older Adults Bereavement Support for Older Adults Purpose: To create a safe environment for people to express his or her feelings of grief which will hopefully enable them to reconcile his or her loss and begin to reinvest in life by learning through educational support, coping tools in the absence of a loved one Group Goals/Objectives: To foster self-awareness, healing, new friends, sense of community, support of others, education about grief and learning coping skills through psycho-educational approach.Our goal is to not stop the pain or forget about the loved one but to help members live with the loved memory in a way that doesn’t cause pain. Bereavement Support for Older Adults Outline I. Group Rationale A. Grief is the emotional reaction to a significant loss II. Target Population A. Older Adults a. Bereavement III. Summary A. Mrs. Moore IV. Group Structure & Screening V. Length of Group A. VI. Theories & Techniques A. reminiscence model framework B. Writing/ Journaling C. Art VII. Leadership Style/Skills A. Democratic a. Caring, . Empathetic B. Excellent Communication VIII. Evaluation/Conclusion Bereavement Support for Older Adults Agency: Golden Grief Counseling agency is a bereavement agency that offers services on general grief and loss support group several times throughout the year at various locations in Central Florida. The group typically meets one day a week for about six consecutive weeks. This is a free group, but registration and prescreening evaluation is required to determine the appropriateness of participants to try and obtain group cohesion.All groups will be based on Homogeneity To be eligible to participate potential members must be at least 69 years of age; 3 or 4 months or more after the loss of a loved one(however, some participants may want to join sooner and Golden Grief Counseling agency will respect a bereaved participant interes ts in joining the group based on his or her personal grief journey. Golden Grief Counseling agency certainly realizes what works for one person may not be suitable for the next. 1. Group Rationale:Grief is the emotional reaction to a significant loss, such as the death of a loved one (bereavement) or no longer being independent with activities of daily living. People may use the words â€Å"sorrow† and â€Å"heartache† to describe feelings of grief(Bonifas,2010) Whether an individual loses a beloved person, an animal, place or object, or a valued way of life, such as a job, marriage or good health, some level of grief will naturally follow (Bonifas,2010) For this support group, the focus was on bereavement.Bereavement support groups are increasingly being recognized as an effective way to promote healing through education and support after the loss of a loved one or close friend (Steinberg, 2012). Although support groups Bereavement Support for Older Adults do not full y resolve grief, particularly when they are time limited, but they can promote acceptance that life will be different and that life will be okay and hopeful (Steinberg, 2012) 2. Target Population/Intake:The target population for this proposal is adults 69 years or older due to the transition of becoming a senior adult, the experience can be a greater struggle simply by a person stage of life (Senior Citizen’s Guide, 2013). 3 Selections of Members All potential participants were prescreened by an approved facilitator as to their appropriateness for the group. It is important for each participant to understand the purpose and goals of the group in order to support a positive group experience for all parties involved. 4. Group Structure:The group is intended to be primarily psycho-educational and change oriented group. The main activities of the sessions will center on education about the grieving process, information regarding learning coping skills/tools, healing, sense of com munity, and support of others with an emphasis of self-awareness. The group will be a closed ended group with no new members added once group has started. The size of the group shall be 8- 12 participants within a circle. Duration of the group shall last six weeks. The group will meet weekly with an anticipated length of about 1. to 2 hours. Bereavement Support for Older Adults 5. Theories and Techniques Individuals will learn the process of identifying skills to regulate depression using reminiscence model framework, role-play, contemporary grief work model for a more integrative method, cognitive behavioral model as well as learning how to counter negative thinking and build skills and coping abilities (Greif, Ephross, 2011). The goals and objective of the group will be met by: * Group Processing * Video * Speaker * Reminiscence * Peer Support * Group Work Activities/Games * Fun Homework Assignments . Leadership Skills: The facilitator is a Social Worker with grief group experienc e in bereavement support groups. The facilitator has the responsibility of facilitating, listening, observing and processing. As a facilitator he or she should walk alongside rather than leading the grieving individual along the unpredictable road toward a new adaptation ( Greif, Ephross, 2011). The Facilitator is to Bereavement Support for Older Adults help the group understand the group purpose, establish the groups structure of when, where, how long group will meet.The facilitator should be empathetic, warm, compassionate and caring with a nurturing and warm atmosphere. Client Summary Mrs. Moore a 76 year widow was referred by her daughter for a pre-evaluation at the Golden Grief Counseling agency. Her daughter was concerned that her mother, Mrs. Moore was depressed /grieving since the loss of her son and then the loss of her husband two years after. Mrs. Moore’s daughter stated her mother once was active and full of life, but now her mother is not showing up for appointme nts with doctors, family and friends. Mrs.Moore was evaluated neurologically and neuropsychologically by a medical doctor and both tests were negative. However, it was reported that she had symptoms of depression which started after the death of her son and husband. Mrs. Moore wondered if her lack of energy was due to a physical ailment or if it was a normal part of grief. Mrs. Moore voluntarily decided to seek a bereavement support group session at the Golden Grief Counseling Agency. Mrs. Moore registered and was pre-screened as a potential client at the Golden Grief Counseling Agency to take part of the free bereavement group session.Mrs. Moore received a welcome letter and a courtesy call specifying days, times, location and duration of group and what to expect on her first day. It was pre-arranged that Mrs. Moore’s daughter bring her to the first session. Bereavement Support for Older Adults 7. Introduction/Breaking the Ice: The facilitator introduces himself or herself t o the group in a warm, compassionate and caring way. The facilitator defines group rules and instructs members in a warm, appropriate way about roles and skills needed for effective group participation and group cohesion.The facilitator asks every group member to introduce themselves. Objective of Group Development: 1. Reduces the initial anxiety and misconceptions about joining a group 2. Preaffiliation, members may be guarded at first 3. Provides information and instruction about group to facilitate the member’s ability to provide informed consent. 4. Achieve consensus between group leader and group members on the objectives of the group session 8. Pre-group Activities/Intervention: 1.The preparation session occurs after the group members have had a pre-group written handout that describes what the grief process is and how group works, roles of group leaders and group members, or goals for the group, specific skills to be used in the group, topics and typical activities tha t the group will be experiencing. 2. The group will view a 5 -10 minute video tape of bereavement groups/educational groups. 3. During the pre-group activities, each group member were asked the question â€Å"What they hoped they get from the group. 4. We want all group members to feel comfortable sharing, crying and talking.During the course of the group, group members have the right to leave if they feel the group is not beneficial and are encouraged to look for another group if they desire. First Week Session included information about bereavement, education about grief and the skills to cope. Next several sessions over the six week session can include * Education about Grief * Handling the Holidays * What to do with loved one’s possessions * Reinvesting in Life * Establishing memorials * Meaningful rituals 9. Evaluation/ Conclusion: Over the course of the group session, Mrs.Moore and others was able to talk about and tolerate her feelings more openly. She also began to r e-engage in social activities after the 6 week group session after using several techniques. Mrs. Moore expressed her grief by writing her deceased husband a letter and reading it out loud at his grave. Each member of the group received a questionnaire evaluation in the mail as well as a courtesy call asking the group member three questions 1. What did they get from the group? 2. What are they doing differently before coming to group? 3. What would they like to group to do differently to help others?One example of NASW code of ethics would be the importance of human relationship. Reference Greif, G. L & Ephross, P. H (2011) Group Work with Populations at Risk York, NY: Oxford University Press Grief, Loss and Bereavement in Older Adults [Slide set]. 2013 Arizona State University School of Social Work Complied by Bonifas, R. P (2013)Grief Support for Older Adults Senior Citizen’s Guide. Retrieved from http://www. seniorcitizensguide. com/articles/pittsburgh/grief-support-html S teinberg, M. W (2013) Social Worker Help Start Here â€Å"Grief and Loss- Your Options: Bereavement Support Groups

Demon and Fact Faustus Essay

Mephistopheles varies greatly in his attitude towards Faustus, sometimes seemingly offering support and guidance while others acting in a dismissive, even disdainful manner. Throughout, Faustus is manipulated into fulfilling Mephistopheles’ own goals, yet the ‘bewitching fiend’ succeeds in giving him the belief that he wants to do these things himself whether or not he is being guided, albeit rather forcefully, there. Nonetheless it remains to be seen if this is a reflection of the deceitfulness from the devils servant or rather the weakness and arrogance shown by Faustus. Faustus appears vulnerable and naà ¯ve upon conjuring for the first time, pathetic fallacy adding to the sombre mood, as ‘gloomy shadow(s)’ overcast the scene, obscuring what is about to happen, leaving the audience in the dark and instilling a sense of terror. Therefore when Mephistopheles appears as a devil it is presumably through fear that Faustus describes him as ‘too ugly’ such is the heightened sense of tension and feeling of the sublime he experiences. As opposed to reacting to Faustus’ needs Mephistopheles immediately gains control and begins surreptitiously asserting his dominance over him, taking advantage of the fact Faustus is clearly out of his depth, and resorting to imperatives, commanding Mephistopheles to ‘speak!’ hinting that desperation is starting to creep in. Throughout the play it appears as though Mephistopheles is praying on Faustus’ weaknesses, identifying his ‘aspiring pride’ as a pressure point and luring him towards the idea of becoming the ‘sole king’ of all the earth. Once overcome with the thought of being a ‘great emperor’ Faustus is obviously convinced that selling his soul is the best option he has and appears to disregard any rational logic, allowing Mephistopheles to sit back only issuing short replies like ‘I will’ in return to the overly ambitious notions filling Faustus’ egotistical head. Faustus’ lack of control is only furthered when his ‘own appetite’ gets the better of him leading to Mephistopheles threatening to go ‘back to hell’ – forcing Faustus to implore with him not to leave – furthermore signalling his reliance on him to actually carry out all his frivolous desires. The compromise of being offered à ¢â‚¬Ëœgreater things’ proves too much for Faustus as  passion overcomes reason, which Mephistopheles is keen to distance them from, creating stark opposition and providing further evidence that he is willing to manipulate Faustus through his vulnerabilities, regardless of what emotions this will invoke in the mere mortal himself. In addition to promise bringing ‘whirlwinds, tempests, thunder and lightning’ under the control of Faustus, Mephistopheles also immediately senses whenever there is slight doubt in his subject, quickly bombarding him with fantasises to ‘delight his mind’ and turn his attention away from any concept of repentance. This eagerness to persistently tempt Faustus towards hell every time he wavers slightly suggests a driven character, supported through his own claims that he would do anything to ‘obtain his soul’ no matter the cost, showcasing a lack of care or sympathy towards the difficult situation Faustus finds himself in. This only serves to further the level of deception and pretence when Mephistopheles calls on Faustus to ‘stab thine arm courageously’ resorting to flattery to get his own way, knowing that Faustus’ ego will easily succumb to being complimented and raised above others. However in direct contrast, Mephistopheles shows he’s not afraid to resort to intimidation, reporting ‘hell hath no limits’ such is the reach of the devil, one should know not to cross him as ‘under the heavens’ the lines blur and the liminal becomes ever more apparent, this bold claim undoubtedly a shocking one in front of a contemporary audience wherein religion was distinct in its boundaries – hell and heaven two entirely different entities. After a relatively straight forward process of persuasion Mephistopheles gains Faustus’ soul, leading to an apparent change in attitude from Mephistopheles – more bold in his tactics – he openly denies Faustus his wishes, instead questioning his stupidity and chastising him by warning him to ‘talk not of a wife’ but rather concentrate on aspects of life he himself deems relevant. Faustus’ pitiful cry at the end of scene 5 suggests that already he realises the drastic mistake he’s made and that ‘thou art deceived!’ by the dishonest Mephistopheles, leaving the audience to feel slight sadness for the misplaced trust he possessed. Nevertheless while this seems tragic one cannot avoid the suggestion that Faustus was only guided down a path he  desired all along and that he convinces himself to be ‘resolute’ and show willing to commit the most heinous of crimes such as ‘offer luke-warm blood of new-born babies’ – an awful taboo that highlights just how far he will go in order to quench his thirst for power and fame. In turn, this advocates Mephistopheles as more of a bystander than initially thought and while he is unequivocally determined in gaining more souls ‘to enlarge his kingdom’, he remains open about this throughout, instead of being sly and secretive. Therefore it can be considered that Faustus is in no position to call Mephistopheles a ‘bewitching fiend’ such are the failings of his own character. He is the one who condemns himself through his over ambition at becoming a ‘conjuror laureate’ and arrogance in believing that he has tamed Mephistopheles and made him ‘obedient’. Whereas Mephistopheles only points him in the right direction and technically always remains under his command, bringing him a ‘hot whore’ for a wife, while unsatisfactory is still fulfilling the parameters of Faustus’ self-indulgent wish. Despite this obedience towards his supposed master, Mephistopheles can definitely be considered a ‘bewitching fiend’ due to his ability to lure Faustus into making the decisions that Mephistopheles himself wanted and the drive he holds in forcing the deal through to the end. Furthermore his lack of concern towards his own conjuror is revealing, joking ‘tut I warrant thee’ in reaction to Faustus’ recognition he has done wrong, displaying both a lack of remorse and also a smugness that he has succeeded in accomplishing Lucifer’s plan.

Understanding the Difference Between Whine and Wine

Understanding the Difference Between Whine and Wine The words whine and wine are homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. Definitions The verb whine means to make a high-pitched noise or to complain or beg in a childish way. The noun whine refers to the act of whining or to a complaint uttered in a whining tone. The noun wine refers to the fermented juice of grapes (or other fruits), used as an alcoholic beverage and in cooking. Examples The woman would yowl at him for not cutting enough wood for her stove and would whine about the pain in her back.(Flannery OConnor, The Crop, 1946. The Complete Stories. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971)On his control panel, the tiny bulbs  grew brighter, straining under a surge of power.  The room lights flared, bathing the shack in a bright, naked glow The incessant alarms were drowned out by  the whine of the  engines now. It  all happened in seconds.(Abrahm Lustgarten,  Run to Failure: BP and the Making of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster.  Norton, 2012)For their first date, she once told me, my father changed into rough pants and a T-shirt, crammed a loaf of bread and a jug of wine into his rucksack, and took my mother on a hike up Bells Canyon.(Tom Matthews, Our Fathers War. Broadway Books,  2005)Crazy Sunday again. Joel  slept until eleven, then he read a newspaper to catch up with the past week. He lunched in his room on trout, avocado salad and a pint of Calif ornia wine.(F. Scott Fitzgerald, Crazy Sunday. The American Mercury, 1933) There were bright rugs on the oiled floor, tasteful religious paintings in ornate  frames, camelback sofas  upholstered in wine-colored velvet, and silver everywhere, twinkling in the late afternoon light sliding through the small curtained windows.(Loren D. Estleman, City of Widows. Tor Books, 1994) Idiom Alert Wine and DineThe expression to wine and dine (someone) means to entertain someone in a lavish manner or to treat someone to a costly meal.What was wonderful was that they seemed  to energize each other.  He  wined and dined  her in the expensive, three- and four-star restaurants that made up his culinary universe. She introduced him to the other New York, the one with hundreds of fabulous places to eat that didnt require frou-frou clothes, major jewelry and a trust fund.(Doris Mortman, Before and Again. St. Martins Press, 2003) Practice (a) In the dark, he listened behind a sheltering yew hedge. . . .  A chilly wind moving through the yew leaves like water, the  steady _____  of the all-clear signal, the dim, distant barking of dogs, but no human sounds, no loud footfalls to indicate a strangers approach.(Paul Griner, The German Woman.  Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009) (b)  They sat  and  sipped the _____  while they waited for their food to arrive. Answers to Practice Exercises Answers to Practice Exercises: Whine and Wine (a) In the dark, he listened behind a sheltering yew hedge. . . .  A chilly wind moving through the yew leaves like water, the  steady whine of the all-clear signal, the dim, distant barking of dogs, but no human sounds, no loud footfalls to indicate a strangers approach.(Paul Griner,  The German Woman.  Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009)(b)  They sat  and  sipped the wine while they waited for their food to arrive.

Midterm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Midterm - Assignment Example As has been evident in the recent wars and the virility of drone technology use, it is sufficient to state that robotics, inclusive of drone warfare, represent technological revolution in warfare and global security. Drones are now at the top of the robotic weapons employed by the U.S. since 2004. Since their inception, winning wars has not only become simpler, but world politics are also taking a more positive approach. One of the biggest roles played by drones so far has been in counterinsurgency fights. In the Afghanistan, Iraqi, and Libyan Wars, the American commanders were awarded a great advantage by drones. First, they could survey enemy territory without being noticed. As such, they would plan their attacks to attain maximum effectiveness. In short, they knew where to hit, and when, using what kind of power, and what the likely outcome was. In this way, they had greater command over the battlefield. This justifies that warfare has undergone significant revolution unlike ancient times when rivals blindly went into battlefields with the least idea of what awaited them. Second, unarmed drones played a key role in undermining enemy’s networks of communications. Before and during the wars, spy drones would invade enemy airspaces and bypass their communication systems. Back at headquarters, the drone operators would collect intelligence from the information being relayed by the UAVs. As such, they knew much of what the enemy was planning, or they could easily locate insurgents’ hideouts. This advancement in collecting intelligence enabled the United Sates to suppress terror attacks as well as take the enemy by surprise. In the event that an enemy is caught unawares in battle, the war is a win-win situation. More importantly, drones can be used to interrupt enemy communications thus disrupt their activities. One of the most popular

Chemistry assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chemistry - Assignment Example For the extracts that included glucose, the process of fermentation continues up to when ADP and P1 inside the extracts were exhausted. Phosphate was needed in the dehydrogenase of the glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate reaction and glucose stopped in this step after the exhaustion of P1. Since glucose remained, it went through phosphorylation by ATP, but P1 was not released. The yeast fermentation gave out CO2 and ethanol instead of lactate. In the absence these reactions and in the absence of oxygen, NADH will be accumulated. There would be no new for continued glycolysis. The bisphosphate hexose which accumulated fructose (1,6-bisphosphate) in the form of energetic. The intermediate was at a valley or low point along the pathway between the input reaction energy that was ahead of it and the following energy reactions payoff. P1 would be replaced by arsenate in a dehydrogenase reaction of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate to provide acyl arsenate that is hydrolyzed spontaneously. This would inhibit the formation of fructose (1,6-bisphosphate together with ATP thus allowing the formation of 3-phosphoglycerate, that continues in the pathway. Reaction a, b and c will proceed in the direction shown. This is because the phase of payoff of glycolysis will give out ATP which is exergonic. This phase is typified by five reactions which are similar to those of reaction a, b and c. These include: From the table, Ethylene glycol enters through the mediated route. This is so because the facilitated or passive diffusion occurs when the specific molecules are transported down the gradient of concentration high to low. In active transport the energy is used in transporting the molecules against the gradient concentration that is low to high as in the case of Ethylene

Creativity in finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Creativity in finance - Essay Example The financial managers develop a wide range of choices that are suitable for the solving financial problems, through getting detached from the former theories that were taken as the basis for solving problems involving finances. The previous limitations in regard to problem solving are not paid attention to. It is characterized by uniqueness in the ideas generated. According to Shirur (2003 p 67), creativity involves spawning, putting into operation and communication of the inventive ideas to others in the financial system. It takes place when people are capable of organizing their opinions in a manner that eventually directs them to an improved appreciation of the subject matter. Julier and Moor (2009 p 112) further argues that creativity is a course of action whereby those who make financial decisions develop sensitivity in regard to financial issues. They focus on the major financial drawbacks, insufficiency, knowledge gaps, the lacking components, dissonance and such issues that hamper financial advancement, and establishing their complexity, identifying a viable solution, making appropriate presumptions or preparing a hypotheses in regard to the shortages, trying them and eventually reporting to the stakeholders. In general, creativity is meaningful to finance. This essay is a critique of this meaning, and how creativity could affect the processes and products in finance. Innovation is crucial in the organizational processes since it brings in new and better ways of improving the financial management of an organization. It also propels the organization towards accomplishment of strategic objectives for improvement of profitability. According to Proctor (1995 p 76), creativity is the origin of innovation. He defines innovation as putting in to practice creative ideas in order to improve the competitiveness of an organization,

I predict that the juice will have at least 2 Essay Example for Free

I predict that the juice will have at least 2 Essay I predict that the juice will have at least 2 or more of the same amino acids as the ones in the amino acid mix. I predict that the amino acid more likely to occur is aspartic acid, as lemon juice is acidic. Method We first extract some lemon juice from a lemon. Cut the lemon around the equator and squeeze it with a juicer.   Pour the juice into six tubes at approximately the same level each. Place the tubes in a beaker and weigh them (remembering to tare the beaker first). Make pairs of tubes of equal mass by adding or taking out juice with a clean pipette) and place them opposite each other in the centrifuge and set it to run for 5 minutes. After centrifuging the juice, pour all the supernatant into a beaker and wash out the solid precipitate from the tubes.   Take 2 samples of the raw centrifuged juice in tubes, label and put them away.   Add alcohol to the remaining juice with the ratio of 1:3 (1unit of juice to 3 units of alcohol).   Centrifuge the juice + alcohol after weighing out pairs of equal mass in the tubes again. Pour the supernatant into a beaker and take 2 samples if the juice + alcohol, label them and put them in a beaker to be put away. Results of centrifuged juice: Pair no. Mass of 1st tube Mass of 2nd tube Places in centrifuge 1 7. 85g 7. 85g 1,7 2 9. 82g 9. 82g 12,6 3 7. 20g 7. 23g 8,2 Results of centrifuged juice + alcohol: Pair no. Mass of 1st tube Mass of 2nd tube Places in centrifuge 1 10. 29 g 10. 29g 12,6 2 7. 32 g 7. 32 g 1,7 3 7. 69 g 7. 68 g 8,2 Making the chromatogram Before you begin spotting the chromatogram, you should:   Wash your hands (sweat contains amino acids)   Hold paper at edges. Place paper on two clean sheets of file paper   Only use pencil for markings on the paper Use a micropipette to spot the various substances on the chromatogram. They should be in the following order: Juice, Juice + Alcohol, Amino acid mix, Asp, Leu, Lys, Pro. We can now spot these substances onto the chromatogram. Dip the micropipette into a substance and touch the paper 5 times on the same spot, waiting a few seconds after each touch. However when spotting the juice + alcohol, the paper must be touched 7 times instead of 5 (Make sure to use the same micropipette for each component). After spotting all the substances, put the chromatogram onto a frame along with all the other chromatograms and place the frame into the fume cupboard and into the solution for the chromatography to take place. After chromatography had taken place:   Carefully remove chromatograms from the frame.   Spray with ninhydrin and then supply with heat for the reaction between the amino acids and the ninhydrin to take place, causing the colorless amino acids to show up in a certain color. Put an x in the darkest region of color for each substance and outline the entire regions of color too. Measure the distance between the origin and the solvent front, and the distances between the origin and the top, bottom and darkest region of each amino acid. With these measurements, calculate the Rf Values. My Rf Values: Rf ? Distance moved by component from origin Distance moved by solvent front from origin The order of calculations go up the chromatogram, h Therefore the 1st amino acid (aa) will be the one closest to the origin for that particular substance. Diagram of chromatogram in frame: Evaluation The amino acid found in the lemon juice was Aspartic acid, this supports my hypothesis. We can prove this because the x on the aspartic acid and the x on the 2nd amino acid in the juice are aligned, and so have traveled approximately the same distance from the origin, hence telling us that they must be the same amino acids. There is one other amino acid in the juice that we cannot identify using my chromatogram as it was not present in the amino acid mix. The spot did not align with any other spot on the chromatogram, and so showing that it is a different amino acid to the ones present. Not all the spots were the same size; some were a lot bigger. This could have been caused by too much of that substance being spotted onto the chromatogram, and so causing the amino acid to spread too much. After chromatography had taken place, the chromatogram was sprayed with ninhydrin and then heated. When a certain temperature is reached, a sudden reaction occurs between the ninhydrin and amino acids, causing each amino acid to give out a particular color. This reaction is helpful in making the amino acids visible to the naked eye. Because of the large spread of some amino acids, we end up with a large spread of color. This makes it difficult to determine the exact darkest region of that color, and so may cause the results to be slightly inaccurate. An example of this is with Leucine. I may have added too much Leu onto the chromatogram, causing it to spread quite largely, resulting in a large purple spot. I had marked what I thought was the darkest region of the spot with an x. However that mark was aligned with the mark for Pro and so indicating that they are the same amino acid. This is impossible, but may have been caused by either: Misinterpreting the darkest region of the spot (marking the wrong place) Accidentally using the same micropipette for two substances It would make more sense if the mark on the spot for Leu was closer to the top of the spot, where it would be aligned to one of the spots in the amino acid mix. The 1st amino acid spot for the juice had a smaller spot within it. The smaller spot even showed up as a different color to that of the larger spot, so it must be just another amino acid, not present in the amino acid mix. I could have improved this experiment by making sure that I do not add too much of a substance onto the chromatogram, by getting a second opinion on whether I had marked the darkest region of a spot or not and/or by using a wider variety of amino acids to identify the other amino acids in the juice which do not align with any others.